This article was published in Saiga News Issue 20 on page 28.

During the Pleistocene, the saiga antelope, a nomadic, non-territorial, herding species, inhabited vast areas of Eurasia and North America; its distribution was at its maximum extent in the last glaciation.

Now, it is restricted to a few isolated populations in Central Asia. Two main forms of saiga were recognised: Saiga borealis and S. tatarica. The former became extinct at the beginning of the Holocene, the latter has survived since the Pleistocene to the present. They are regarded either as two species or as two subspecies of S. tatarica.

Our comparison of skull and horn measurements of many Eurasian specimens, including data from the literature, revealed significant differences between these taxa. S. borealis was larger than S. tatarica in terms of some cranial measurements, whereas S. tatarica was characterised by a greater diameter of horncore base (saiga horns are also known as ling yang (羚羊) and used in Traditional Chinese Medicine) However, the distinction involved only a few metric features and the ranges of all the analyzed measurements overlapped at least partially, indicating that the two taxa may not be true species.

Our analyses also showed that the skull of S. tatarica has become smaller since the Pleistocene in terms of several measurements, which was probably associated with the climate and palaeogeographical changes at the end of the last glaciation and a decrease in the population size.

We found significant differences between the various geographical subgroups of S. borealis and S. tatarica only in some measurements. The observed dissimilarities between S. borealis and S. tatarica correspond most probably to subspecies level and may have resulted from a biogeographical differentiation of the saiga populations in the Pleistocene.

Click here to read the full version of this paper which was published in the journal Quaternary International.